Using X-ray imaging, we performed the first kinematic investigation of the subsurface locomotion of the long, slender shovel-nosed snake ( Chionactis occipitalis) and compared its biomechanics with those of the shorter, limbed sandfish lizard ( Scincus scincus). Squamates classified as ‘subarenaceous’ possess the ability to move long distances within dry sand body elongation among sand and soil burrowers has been hypothesized to enhance subsurface performance. helped in all aspects of this research, including the design of experiments, the interpretation of experimental and theoretical results, and the writing and implications of this work. He contributed to the Introduction and Discussion sections of the written manuscript. assisted in obtaining the snakes used in this study, and in the evolutionary interpretation of the results presented in this paper. They also contributed to the corresponding written manuscript detailing the B-Spline fitting methodology. and advisor, P.A.V., wrote the custom code for automatic kinematic tracking of snake kinematics and provided the custom-written B-Spline fitting program, which aided in obtaining measures of slip. assisted in the design and implementation of the snake experiments. He also helped with experimental analysis and the writing on this manuscript. conducted RFT simulations and generated the corresponding figures. Additionally, she contributed to the written work and figures of this publication. contributed to the design and implementation of snake and sandfish experiments, and to the kinematic analysis of experimental results.
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